Howler monkeys poisoned because of misinformed link to yellow fever

There have been numerous reports of howler monkeys poisoned in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul due to misinformation regarding the monkeys and the yellow fever virus. Some locals believed that the monkeys, which also suffer from yellow fever, were in fact the disease-carriers, but yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes not monkeys.

A new campaign headed by Dr. Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques wants to set the record straight. The campaign, entitled ‘Save Our Guardian Angels’, is working to inform the public of the actual and important role of howler monkeys in yellow fever outbreaks.

Adult male brown howler monkey. Photo Julio Cesar Bicca Marques.

“Howler monkeys are more susceptible to the [yellow fever] virus and often die a few days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. The death of howlers alerts local health offices to the local spread of the virus in the region enabling the implementation of local vaccination campaigns. Far from being seen as a threat,” Bicca-Marques explains, “the Brazilian Ministry for Health considers these monkeys important ‘sentinels’ for the circulation of the virus. So howler monkeys are in fact our ‘Guardian Angels’! Their disappearance would mean our discovery of the arrival of yellow fever in a given region would only occur once the disease had been contracted by people, and for many by that time it may well be too late!”

Since the end of 2008, seven people have died from yellow fever in Rio Grande do Sul, while nine more have succumbed to the disease in the state of Sao Paulo. It was this sudden outbreak of the disease that led some unknown locals to poison the howler monkeys. Bicca-Marques, a primatologist at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, says that the media is partly to blame for the misinformation that leading to the howler monkeys’ death.

Female black-and-gold howler monkey. Photo by: Julio Cesar Bicca Marques.

“[The media] has frequently related the disease with the observation of sick, but especially, dead howler monkeys, without taking the appropriate steps to stress that mosquitoes are the vectors of the yellow fever,” Bicca-Marques told Mongabay.com. “In the absence of this essential information on the mode of transmission, people have wrongly interpreted that the monkeys are the responsible for the current yellow fever outbreak.”

Howler monkeys in Brazil are not just suffering from human ignorance. Other threats have caused the two species of howler monkey in the state to be listed as Vulnerable on the Red List in Rio Grande do Sul.

“In addition to the current high mortality by yellow fever and the killing of monkeys as a consequence of this misinformation, both black-and-gold Alouatta caraya and brown Alouatta guariba clamitans howler monkeys are threatened by habitat loss, and the illegal hunting and pet trade,” Bicca-Marques says. “As a consequence they live mostly in small populations in highly fragmented and isolated forest patches within an agricultural and cattle ranching landscape.”

Infant brown howler monkey with parent. Photo Julio Cesar Bicca Marques.

Deforestation may not only be negatively affecting the howler monkeys; it may also play a role in the sudden rise in yellow fever. “State health authorities observed a population explosion of mosquitoes in the last spring and summer, likely related to climate changes and habitat alteration,” says Bicca-Marques.

Bicca-Marques hopes that his campaign will effectively educate local Brazilians about the innocence of howler monkeys when it comes to yellow fever. In fact, the monkeys are actually more susceptible to the disease than people, often succumbing within a few days of being bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus.

“It is crucial to inform the population that there is no possibility that the spread of the disease within the State of Rio Grande do Sul, or the State of São Paulo where an outbreak began this year, has any relationship with the howler monkeys,” Bicca-Marques says. “The campaign Protect our Guardian Angels has this goal.”

Taken from Howler monkeys poisoned because of misinformed link to yellow fever Jeremy Hance mongabay.com April 22, 2009

Costa Rican gold mine suspended over pollution risks

A multinational coalition of environmental and human rights organisations is calling on Canadian mining company Glencairn Gold Corporation to disclose information about suspected cyanide and metals pollution from its Bellavista gold mine in Costa Rica. Glencairn shut down the mine in late July, following heavy rains that caused substantial earth movements, and has reported in financial statements that the mine “may remain closed indefinitely”, but has not made available any information about the extent of current or potential damage. The groups also demand proper clean-up and remediation of any current or future contamination.

Bellavista is an openpit gold mine, and uses cyanide heap-leaching – in which huge piles of crushed ore are soaked with a cyanide solution – to extract gold. According to Glencairn, heavy rainfall in May led to significant earth movements that disturbed these massive heaps of cyanide-tainted wastes as well as other waste rock piles at the mine. Experts familiar with the mine fear that such conditions could lead to pollution of water and soil with cyanide and other contaminants owing to a rupture in the leach-pad lining. Glencairn has said that it first noticed cracks in two corners of the leach pad in May, but the company continued to operate the mine and apply cyanide until July 25.

“Putting an openpit gold mine in a mountainous, tropical region, prone to landslides and torrential rainfall, is a disaster waiting to happen,” says Interamerican Association for Environmental Defence chemist Dr Anna Cederstav. In 2005, Cederstav had testified before Costa Rica’s Supreme Court about the likely impacts of the Bellavista mine. Even before the mine was approved, Cederstav and other independent technical experts had warned that the region’s topo-graphy and rainfall make it an inappropriate location for a large-scale mine.

Cleaning up and con-trolling mining pollution can be extremely expensive, costing hundreds of millions of dollars for long-term treatment to protect water supplies. Glencairn has provided just $250 000 in financial guarantees for Bellavista – funds which are intended for mine clean-up, and do not provide insurance against mishaps like the unstable leach pad.

The coalition calls on the Costa Rican government to commission a team of independent technical experts to conduct a review of the Bellavista mine, and to ensure that Glencairn will undertake and fully cover the costs of all necessary mitigation and remediation.

“Glencairn must make sure that communities around the mine are protected from pollution, and that includes paying for clean-up,” says Earthworks and the “No Dirty Gold” campaign representative, Payal Sampat. “Otherwise, taxpayers and communities are stuck with the bill – and the pollution.”

Costa Rica outlawed all new openpit mining in 2002, but the Bellavista mine was given a permit prior to the ban. It is the only large operating openpit mine in this ecotourism-dependent country.

“Costa Rica has had the foresight to ban openpit mining, which can be incredibly destructive to people and the environment,” said Costa Rican Friends of the Earth spokesperson Gabriel Rivas-Ducca. “We hope this incident will serve as a warning to other regions that are opening their doors to gold-mining.”

Cyanide and the metal contamination produced at mines such as this are toxic to humans and extremely dangerous for wildlife, especially aquatic species. If mixed with acidic water, typically present at gold mines, cyanide generates hydrogen cyanide gas, an even more potent poison. Gold-mining can also cause significant pollution of soil and water with sulphuric acid drainage and metals such as arsenic and mercury.

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